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      <a href="/2017/08/25/webpack-multi-project-8-certain-loaders/" title="webpack多页面配置8--静态资源loader们" itemprop="url">webpack多页面配置8--静态资源loader们</a>
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      <a href="https://godbasin.github.io" title="被删">被删</a>
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    <time datetime="2017-08-25T15:48:38.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2017-08-25</time>
    更新日期:<time datetime="2017-08-25T15:48:52.467Z" itemprop="dateModified">2017-08-25</time>
    
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			<strong class="toc-title">文章目录</strong>
		<ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Loader"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">Loader</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Loader的存在"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">Loader的存在</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Loader的特性"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">Loader的特性</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#使用Loader"><span class="toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">使用Loader</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#静态资源Loader"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">静态资源Loader</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#CSS相关Loader"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">CSS相关Loader</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#文件相关Loader"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">文件相关Loader</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#结束语"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">结束语</span></a></li></ol>
		</div>
		
		<p>最近项目中需要搭建一个多页面的环境，包括本地路由服务和分页面打包。<br>本节介绍比较经常使用到的静态资源相关loader们，像css-loader、url-loader等。<br><a id="more"></a></p>
<h2 id="Loader"><a href="#Loader" class="headerlink" title="Loader"></a>Loader</h2><hr>
<p>参考<a href="http://zhaoda.net/webpack-handbook/loader.html" target="_blank" rel="external">《Loader》</a>。</p>
<h3 id="Loader的存在"><a href="#Loader的存在" class="headerlink" title="Loader的存在"></a>Loader的存在</h3><p>Webpack本身只能处理JavaScript模块，如果要处理其他类型的文件，就需要使用loader进行转换。</p>
<p>Loader可以理解为是模块和资源的转换器，它本身是一个函数，接受源文件作为参数，返回转换的结果。<br>这样，我们就可以通过<code>require</code>来加载任何类型的模块或文件，比如<code>CoffeeScript、 JSX、 LESS</code>或图片。</p>
<h3 id="Loader的特性"><a href="#Loader的特性" class="headerlink" title="Loader的特性"></a>Loader的特性</h3><ul>
<li><strong>Loader可以通过管道方式链式调用，每个<code>loader</code>可以把资源转换成任意格式并传递给下一个<code>loader</code>，但是最后一个<code>loader</code>必须返回JavaScript</strong>。</li>
<li>Loader可以同步或异步执行。</li>
<li>Loader运行在<code>node.js</code>环境中，所以可以做任何可能的事情。</li>
<li>Loader可以接受参数，以此来传递配置项给<code>loader</code>。</li>
<li>Loader可以通过文件扩展名（或正则表达式）绑定给不同类型的文件。</li>
<li>Loader可以通过<code>npm</code>发布和安装。</li>
<li>除了通过<code>package.json</code>的<code>main</code>指定，通常的模块也可以导出一个<code>loader</code>来使用。</li>
<li>Loader可以访问配置。</li>
<li>插件可以让<code>loader</code>拥有更多特性。</li>
<li>Loader可以分发出附加的任意文件。</li>
</ul>
<p>Loader本身也是运行在<code>node.js</code>环境中的<code>JavaScript</code>模块，它通常会返回一个函数。<br>大多数情况下，我们通过<code>npm</code>来管理<code>loader</code>，但是你也可以在项目中自己写<code>loader</code>模块。</p>
<h3 id="使用Loader"><a href="#使用Loader" class="headerlink" title="使用Loader"></a>使用Loader</h3><p>在你的应用程序中，有三种使用<code>loader</code>的方式：</p>
<ol>
<li>配置（推荐）：在<code>webpack.config.js</code>文件中指定<code>loader</code>。</li>
<li>内联：在每个<code>import</code>语句中显式指定<code>loader</code>。</li>
<li>CLI：在<code>shell</code>命令中指定它们。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="静态资源Loader"><a href="#静态资源Loader" class="headerlink" title="静态资源Loader"></a>静态资源Loader</h2><hr>
<p>我们来看看静态资源相关的Loader们。</p>
<h3 id="CSS相关Loader"><a href="#CSS相关Loader" class="headerlink" title="CSS相关Loader"></a>CSS相关Loader</h3><p>加载CSS需要<code>css-loader</code>和<code>style-loader</code>。<br>他们做两件不同的事情，<code>css-loader</code>会遍历CSS文件，然后找到<code>url()</code>表达式然后处理他们，<code>style-loader</code>会把原来的CSS代码插入页面中的一个<code>style</code>标签中。</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="https://doc.webpack-china.org/loaders/css-loader/" target="_blank" rel="external"><code>css-loader</code></a></li>
</ol>
<p>我们看<a href="https://doc.webpack-china.org/loaders/css-loader/" target="_blank" rel="external">webpack</a>上解释：<br><code>css-loader</code> 解释(interpret)<code>@import</code>和<code>url()</code>，会<code>import/require()</code>后再解析(resolve)它们。</p>
<p>说白了是用来处理css文件中的<code>url()</code>或者<code>@import</code>的路径。</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="https://doc.webpack-china.org/loaders/style-loader/" target="_blank" rel="external"><code>style-loader</code></a></li>
</ol>
<p>通过注入<code>&lt;style&gt;</code>标签将CSS添加到DOM中。</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="comment">// 通过webpack配置使用</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">// css-loader和style-loader推荐一起使用，注意顺序</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">module</span>.exports = &#123;</div><div class="line">  <span class="attr">module</span>: &#123;</div><div class="line">    <span class="attr">rules</span>: [</div><div class="line">      &#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="attr">test</span>: <span class="regexp">/\.css$/</span>,</div><div class="line">        <span class="attr">use</span>: [<span class="string">'style-loader'</span>, <span class="string">'css-loader'</span>]</div><div class="line">      &#125;</div><div class="line">    ]</div><div class="line">  &#125;</div><div class="line">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol>
<li><a href="http://www.css88.com/doc/webpack2/loaders/less-loader/" target="_blank" rel="external"><code>less-loader</code></a></li>
</ol>
<p>一看就知道，<code>less-loader</code>主要用于将LESS转换成CSS的。<br>将<code>css-loader</code>、<code>style-loader</code>和<code>less-loader</code>链式调用，添加对webpack的LESS支持，可以把所有样式立即应用于DOM。</p>
<p>LESS将CSS赋予了动态语言的特性，如变量，继承，运算，函数。</p>
<p>如果需要启用CSS的source map，需要配置选项：</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div><div class="line">16</div><div class="line">17</div><div class="line">18</div><div class="line">19</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="built_in">module</span>.exports = &#123;</div><div class="line">    ...</div><div class="line">    module: &#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="attr">rules</span>: [&#123;</div><div class="line">            <span class="attr">test</span>: <span class="regexp">/\.less$/</span>,</div><div class="line">            <span class="attr">use</span>: [&#123;</div><div class="line">                <span class="attr">loader</span>: <span class="string">"style-loader"</span></div><div class="line">            &#125;, &#123;</div><div class="line">                <span class="attr">loader</span>: <span class="string">"css-loader"</span>, <span class="attr">options</span>: &#123;</div><div class="line">                    <span class="attr">sourceMap</span>: <span class="literal">true</span></div><div class="line">                &#125;</div><div class="line">            &#125;, &#123;</div><div class="line">                <span class="attr">loader</span>: <span class="string">"less-loader"</span>, <span class="attr">options</span>: &#123;</div><div class="line">                    <span class="attr">sourceMap</span>: <span class="literal">true</span></div><div class="line">                &#125;</div><div class="line">            &#125;]</div><div class="line">        &#125;]</div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">&#125;;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol>
<li><code>postcss-loader</code><br><code>postcss-loader</code>提供了一种方式用JavaScript代码来处理CSS。负责把CSS代码解析成抽象语法树结构（Abstract Syntax Tree，AST），再交由插件来进行处理。<br>插件基于CSS代码的AST所能进行的操作是多种多样的，比如可以支持变量和混入（mixin），增加浏览器相关的声明前缀，或是把使用将来的CSS规范的样式规则转译（transpile）成当前的 CSS 规范支持的格式。</li>
</ol>
<p><code>postcss-loader</code>的使用依赖一些插件。</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="comment">// 配置webpack.config.js</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">module</span>: &#123;</div><div class="line">  <span class="attr">loaders</span>: [</div><div class="line">    &#123;</div><div class="line">      <span class="attr">test</span>: <span class="regexp">/\.css$/</span>,</div><div class="line">      <span class="comment">// loader: "style-loader!css-loader!postcss-loader"</span></div><div class="line">    &#125;</div><div class="line">  ]</div><div class="line">&#125;,</div><div class="line"><span class="attr">postcss</span>: <span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span> (<span class="params"></span>) </span>&#123;</div><div class="line">  <span class="keyword">return</span> [ </div><div class="line">    <span class="comment">// 里面是我们要用的插件</span></div><div class="line">  ];</div><div class="line">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>以下插件都需要单独安装相关npm模块：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>autoprefixer</code><ul>
<li>解析CSS文件并且添加浏览器前缀到CSS规则里，对浏览器兼容补全还是挺方便的</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>stylelint</code><ul>
<li>Stylelint插件可以让你在编译的时候就知道自己CSS文件里的错误</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>postcss-cssnext</code><ul>
<li>可以让你写CSS4的语言，并能配合autoprefixer进行浏览器兼容的不全，而且还支持嵌套语法</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>postcss-import</code><ul>
<li>在<code>@import</code> css文件的时候让webpack监听并编译</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>更多的可以参考<a href="https://github.com/ecmadao/Coding-Guide/blob/master/Notes/CSS/PostCSS%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E6%8C%87%E5%8C%97.md" target="_blank" rel="external">《PostCSS配置指北》</a>。</p>
<h3 id="文件相关Loader"><a href="#文件相关Loader" class="headerlink" title="文件相关Loader"></a>文件相关Loader</h3><ol>
<li><code>file-loader</code></li>
</ol>
<p><code>file-loader</code>主要用来处理图片。</p>
<ol>
<li><code>url-loader</code></li>
</ol>
<p><code>url-loader</code>的功能类似<code>file-loader</code>加载器，但是在文件大小低于指定的限制时（单位 bytes）可以返回一个<code>Data Url</code>。</p>
<p>大小限制可以通过传递查询参数来指定。（默认为无限制）<br>如果文件大小大于限制，将转为使用<code>file-loader</code>，所有的查询参数也会透传过去。</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="comment">// =&gt; 如果 "file.png" 大小小于 10kb 将返回 DataUrl</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">"url-loader?limit=10000!./file.png"</span>);</div><div class="line"></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">// webpack配置</span></div><div class="line"><span class="built_in">module</span>: &#123;</div><div class="line">  <span class="attr">loaders</span>: [</div><div class="line">    &#123;</div><div class="line">        <span class="attr">test</span>: <span class="regexp">/\.(png|jpe?g|gif|svg)(\?.*)?$/</span>,</div><div class="line">        <span class="attr">loader</span>: <span class="string">'url-loader'</span>,</div><div class="line">        <span class="attr">options</span>: &#123;</div><div class="line">          <span class="attr">limit</span>: <span class="number">10000</span></div><div class="line">        &#125;</div><div class="line">      &#125;</div><div class="line">  ]</div><div class="line">&#125;</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="结束语"><a href="#结束语" class="headerlink" title="结束语"></a>结束语</h2><hr>
<p>本节我们大致了解静态资源相关loader们，当时具体使用的时候还是得历练一番的。<br>代码的话，大家可以看看<a href="https://github.com/godbasin/vue-multi-pages" target="_blank" rel="external">github-vue-multi-pages</a>，主要是这套环境使用在vue上的demo。</p>
  
		
		<p style="margin-top:50px;">查看Github有更多内容噢：<a href="https://github.com/godbasin">https://github.com/godbasin</a></p>
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	<p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 20px;">码生艰难，写文不易，给我家猪囤点猫粮了喵~</p>
	<div class="author-right">
  		<p>作者：被删</p>
  		<p>出处：<a href="https://godbasin.github.io">https://godbasin.github.io</a></p>
  		<p>本文版权归作者所有，欢迎转载，但未经作者同意必须保留此段声明，且在文章页面明显位置给出原文连接，否则保留追究法律责任的权利。</p>
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